Slavery and Western Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery and Western Expansion - Essay Example In the article, the author explores the failures and triumphs of this period in American history and ends the article by citing fewer celebrations from the period and more disappointments. The author believes that land distribution was a missed opportunity and an egregious failure of this period, claiming that this should have been integral during the emancipation (Dubois 601). This oversight was compounded by injustices directed at the freed slaves concerning civil and labor rights such as black codes and sharecropping. Du Bois, despite the failings, describes the Reconstruction’s failure as splendid wedged between its shortcomings. It is the triumphs of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments, as well as education for African Americans. Overall, the reason that Reconstruction failed was due to the many defeats that outweighed the few successes. In the article, Du Bois emphasizes the issue of land distribution to the slaves who had been freed as one failure after the Reconstruction. General Sherman’s Field Order 15, given in 1865, gave hope for redistribution as he ordered the confiscation of plantation land and its division into sections of 40 acres, which would be given to the freed slaves. Unfortunately, they were removed from the land with the government failing to follow up on General Sherman’s order, as well as reneging on the pre-war declaration by Andrew Johnson regarding land redistribution’s necessity. The author has a Marxist view of the failing, claiming variously â€Å"Liberalism did not understand . . . revolution was economic and involved force. . . . It hoped with the high humanitarian of Charles Sumner eventually to induce the planter to surrender his economic power peacefully . . . that other Charles —   Karl Marx   Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  had not yet published  Das Kapital to prove to men that economic power underlies politics† (Du Bois 591). The force and economics referred to by Du Bois are tenants of General Sherman’s Field Order 15, which involved the confiscation and redistribution of land to be put to use by freed slaves. This would allow for the assimilation of the former slaves into the South’s economic structure. The argument put across by Du Bois is not in violation of American principles present at the time. The Republican Government gave railroad corporations Southern land in the same period. Since these corporations were eligible for this, then the massive numbers of former slaves were too. Instead of economic independence via land redistribution, Southern landowners were free to implement tenant farming to control the former slaves. Dubois describes the system as serfdom that was established in territories, in the South. Serfdom gave a false impression of land distribution with landowners requiring that those who lived on their land gave them part of the crops that they harvested. They were also expected to get their equipment from the landown er at inflated prices that caused them to fall further into debt (Dubois 597). Tenant farming, in essence, is representative of an effort to bring back slavery to the furthest possible degree in the South after the war. Since chattel slavery was now illegal, they turned to binding former slaves to land via perpetual poverty and debt, creating legal and new forms of servitude. Black codes were another dehumanizing aspect faced by Southern freed slaves with legislation that limited and stripped their civil liberties and rights during this period. Passed in late 1865, the Black Code

Sociological Contexts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sociological Contexts - Coursework Example Major corporations such as Revere copper and brass, Conmed, Fleet Bank, Utica National Insurance Group, Special Metals, Part Technology, etc. are the key elements to provide economic diversity in Oneida County. Before 1962, the board of supervisors used to govern the Oneida County. After 1962, Oneida County is governed by 29-seat county legislature and county executive. Industry is the essential part of every developing country to meet the growing needs and widen the development base. It is regarded as an indispensable motor of growth and the economies of modern society. Several domestic and multinational organizationshave been founded in the span of 5-10 years. Tumblr is a social networking website and micro-blogging platform launched to provide blogging platform for local of Ney York State and Oneida County. This platform helps users to post contents and other forms of multimedia files to a short-from blog. After two weeks, the service gained its popularity around the globe. Electric car industry gained its popularity in the early 20th century. It is an automobile which contains electric motors and energy storage battery to create smooth and strong acceleration. Since 2008, the advancement in power management technologies leads to the renaissance of electric vehicle. The charging station is created in Oneida County to charge energy storage device of electric car. Lot18 is one of the successful e-commerce organizations launched in October 2010. The website began with a similar business model to Gilt Groupe. The initial focus of the company was to provide access to less-known wine manufacturers. Eventually, it expanded its business by offering customer-produced wines and well-known brands. This new e-commerce industry has raised more than $30 million. People can order products via online from Oneida County and different parts of New York State. Lot18 has successfully implemented cost leadership strategy

The History Of The Hypermarket Industry Marketing Essay

The History Of The Hypermarket Industry Marketing Essay In the chapter 1, we will giving an overview of our research topics and also will study the background of the research topic. Besides, this chapter will also explain about the research problems and outline the research objectives that are need to be achieved by us, research question to be answered, hypotheses to be tested and lastly the significance of the study. Research Background Scholars have attempted to build a better definition of impulse buying for over fifty years (Karbasivar Yarahmadi, 2011). Moreover, Lim, Badarulzama, and Ahmad (2003) also claimed that the retail trend in Malaysia keep increasing over years. In other words, retailers such as supermarkets and hypermarkets will substantially increasing in the future and the competition between these retailers will keep rising continuously. In addition of retail trend, there is potential growing trend in impulse purchasing as well (Bayley Nancarrow, 1998). During the research on the topic of impulse buying behaviour, researcher has identified several of essential information. Firstly, Hausman (2000) summarise the previous studies finding and stated that there are almost 90 percent of people making occasionally impulse purchases and 30 percent and 50 percent of all purchases were classified by the buyers themselves as impulse purchases. Besides, Rook and Fishers (1995) also pointed that consumers try to manage their innate impulsive tendencies as they feel that impulse buying as immature or lacking of behavioural control and it is normatively wrong. Yet consumers still insist on purchase product impulsive from retailers especially hypermarket. For these reasons, marketers have the tendency to increase knowledge and understand of the process, of influential factors and of effects of impulse buying (Hair, Bush Ortinau, 2003). Impulsive buying behaviour of consumers often occurred in hypermarket as hypermarket consists of one-stop and all-under-one-roof features (PricewaterhouseCoopers [PwC], 2005). In other words, shoppers who shop in hypermarket will make their purchase on all desired products at once and at the same, they able to enjoy the entertainment facilities provided under the same roof such as bowling alleys, cinema, and snooker centre. In addition, the citizens in Malaysia are becoming wealthier and making them afford to purchase plenty of products including luxury products. In addition, the citizens in Malaysia are becoming wealthier and making them afford to purchase plenty of products including luxury products. Wong (2010) also claimed that the price war among retailers including hypermarkets, supermarkets and small-scale retailers to compete to be low cost leader, resulting the Malaysian to purchase unnecessary product impulsively. 1.1.1 Hypermarket Industry Hypermarket started entering Malaysia in the early 1990s (Lim et al., 2003). Hypermarket is a superstore that merges both supermarket and department store to become a very huge retail facility which carries a tremendous variety of products under one roof, as well as full lines of groceries and general merchandise (Matamalas Ramos, 2009). Most of the hypermarkets are foreign retailers such as Giant, Carrefour, Tesco and so forth while for famous Malaysian-owned hypermarket is MYDIN hypermarket. Due to the significant growth in retail of Malaysia for the past few years and the expansion of foreign brand retailers by entering into our country, it helps to provide consumers with more choice in selection of brands and styles (Wel, Hussin Omar, 2011). Through shopping in hypermarket retailing, consumers will benefit in terms of lower prices, good quality and reliable supply of plenty of variety and assortments of goods including after sales services (Mohd Noor, Mamat Darawi, 2009). Retailers have long discovered the influence power of impulse buying, which is indeed a focal point in many purchasing activities (Mattila Wirtz, 2008). Hypermarket retailers will also value this opportunity as impulse buying will bring substantial amount of profit for them. Furthermore, some grocery retailers especially hypermarkets are starting to compete with purely non-grocery retailers such as home appliances as consumers demanding for more choices (Mohd Noor et al., 2009). The reason that hypermarket retailers took this action is to capture more sales profit from the consumers. 1.1.2 Students Purchasing Power The purchasing power of students must not be underestimated as they could generate a portion of sales for the hypermarket retailers. Besides, there is a new trend emerged from retailers such as supermarket, hypermarket, and shopping mall to build their shop near the higher education institution such as college and university as they have found the importance of students as key segments for their business (Ahmed, Ghingold Dahari, 2007). Basically, it is known that the students resources are mainly come from their parents and the student loan from government or private institutions. Danes, Huddleston-Casas and Boyce (1999) pointed that college students had many resources to spend and tended to be purchase impulsively. While Sabri and MacDonald (2010) revealed that college and university students in Malaysia would like to shop and purchase non-academic goods aggressively once they receive their student loans. Their study also shows there are about 45 percent of students in Malaysia spe nt all their loans before the end of semester (Sabri MacDonald, 2010). Moreover, some high education institutions in Malaysia have introducing their students to visit hypermarket near the students hostel and institution as the price offered by hypermarket will be cheaper than any small specialty shops, leading these students to make purchase in hypermarket (Berjaya University College of Hospitality, 2013; MONASH University, 2013). Apart from that, researches had shown that the students who visit hypermarket possesses greater proportion to purchase impulsively compare to other segments (Lim et al., 2011; ET Bureau, 2012). In addition, the continuous expansion of education services in Malaysia has made students as an important consumer market segment (Economic Planning Unit, 2006). There are two reasons why they will become an important consumer market segment. The first reason is the students purchasing power in Malaysia has growing, due to the availability of student loans; second, among all the market segments of population, student segment is the segment that has great potential earnings in future (Sabri, MacDonald, Masud, Paim, Hira Othman, 2008). Problem Statement Retailers have long discovered the influence power of impulse buying, which is indeed an essential point in many purchasing activities (Mattila Wirtz, 2008). As the result, it produce intensive competition among the retailers such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, discount stores, convenience stores and even the small-scale retailers in the form of shop houses. The fierce competition among retailers especially supermarkets and hypermarkets required them to figure out any approaches to attract consumers and lead them to make impulsive purchase as consumer impulse buying is one of the greatest ways for retailers to generate high profitability. Specifically for students, as there are previous studies shown that students cover high percentage of sales from impulse purchasing (Lim et al., 2011; ET Bureau, 2012). Although there are consumers including student who always revisit their favourite retail stores and tend to be loyal to a particular store but some consumers are often to be cherry pickers (Wel et al., 2011). In other words, they are not usually loyal to one store, while on the contrary, they will easily switch to other retail stores in order to bargain for the best price before they purchase any of the products. Therefore, in order to survive in the current marketplace, retailers must find out the ways to attract and retain significant share of consumer impulse purchases (Dlamini, 2006). As the result, as to achieve competitive advantage and stand out in marketplace, it is crucial to examine the effect of impulse purchases and highlighting factors that will direct and indirectly affect consumer impulse buying behaviour towards retail setting industry such as hypermarket. Hausman (2000) stated that impulse buying is an enigma within marketing world as it is considered wrong by the literature and consumers, yet it still account for a large amount of sales for retail industry every year. In addition, information about impulse buying and its numerous influential variables is still considered less (Abdolvand, Hanzaee, Rahnama Khoshpanjeh, 2011). Hence, scholars and researchers should participate further in this challenging topic. Although researches might face plenty of complicatedness during the process of investigating and examine, this topic has generated substantial amount of research interest for over thirty years (Beatty Ferrell, 1998). The topic of impulse purchases has received substantial research interest in marketing literature (Beatty Ferrell, 1998; Rook Fisher, 1995; Hadjali, Salimi Ardestani, 2012). However, research on impulse buying is often focused on consumers in the United States, yet fewer researches are done in non-western country such as Malaysia (Kacen Lee, 2002). Therefore, this study is to gain better understanding of how in-store environment, positive emotions and social norms influence consumer impulse buying behaviour in Malaysia. This study will investigate whether in-store environment, positive emotions and social norms have the power to influence consumer impulse buying behaviour in Malaysia corresponds to the western countries. Research objective According to the problem statement mentioned above, the researches of the topic of impulse buying behaviour is still ambiguous and it is requires for scholars or researchers to implement more researches in order to remove the ambiguous and acquire more accurate information of impulse buying behaviour. Apart from that, due to the tense competition among the hypermarket in Malaysia, hypermarket owners must clearly identified the important elements or factors that will truly influence the consumers to make purchase impulsively in their respective hypermarkets. 1.3.1 General objective This research is concentrated on underlying factors that influencing impulse buying behaviour. Besides, this research also studies on analyzing the relationship between the factors and impulse buying behaviour. Specific Objective To examine the relationship between in-store environment and impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket. To examine the relationship between positive emotion and impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket. To examine the relationship between social norms and impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket. Research Question Does in-store environment positively influence impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket? Does positive emotion positively influence impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket? Do social norms positively influence impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket? 1.5 Hypothesis of the study Findings from previous research together with the objectives of the study lead toward the development of the following hypotheses: There is a relationship between in-store environment and impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket. There is a relationship between positive emotion and impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket. There is a relationship between social norms and impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket. 1.6 Significance of the Study This research is determining whether impulse buying behaviour of college and university students has significant influence on stores sales and profit, and most of the stores and hypermarket had started implemented the impulse buying strategy. Due to this reason, our research is to study what are the critical factors that trigger the customer impulsive buying behaviour. This research is relatively important to all retailers especially hypermarket owners. By going through this research study, retailers are able to understand the critical factors that will greatly affect their store sales. For example, the enhanced store design or store environment that is varies from the conventional store design which is believed that it is unique by comparing to other stores, thereby it will play as a role of catching the attention of the pass by customers. Therefore, it can increase or trigger the tendency of impulse buying behaviour of the customers. 1.7 Chapter layout 1.7.1 Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter will provide an overview of the study which includes the background of studies, problem statement, general and specific objectives, research questions, hypothesis, and significance of the study, chapter layout and conclusion that explaining the purpose of the research. 1.7.2 Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter shows the literature review that includes a full relevant of the relevant research work for the research topic. It describes the relationships for every independent and dependent variables. The research study reviews the relevant theoretical models, and then proposes the theoretical framework and hypotheses development. 1.7.3 Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter describes how the research study is carried out and gathers the data, by using the appropriate research design, data collection methods, sampling design, research instrument, construct measurement data processing and method of data analysis. 1.7.4 Chapter 4: Research Result This chapter presents the patterns of the results and analyses of the results which are relevant to the research questions and hypotheses by using SPSS analysis. 1.7.5 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion In this chapter, the research study summarizes the research findings which are included statistical analyses, discussions of major findings, implications of study, limitations of the study and recommendations for future research. 1.8 Conclusion This chapter will provide an overview of the research study. The background, problem statement of this study, research objective and questions has been identified. Hypotheses of this study have been formed and it will be used to focus on factors that influence impulse buying behaviour in hypermarket. A further review of the previous relevant studies and researches will be conducted in the next chapter.

The Environment and Environmental Hysteria :: Environment Environmental Research

The Environment and Environmental Hysteria missing Works Cited Fanatics see everything in absolutes. Perspective means nothing to them(425). In this essay I will focus on the events surrounding the regulation of Alar (diaminozide) up to and including 1985, as a case-study of knowledge and decision-making amidst uncertainty (418-19). I pick this time period in particular, because it is when the NRDC and other public interest groups began their campaign in protest against the EPA's decision to not ban Alar. My analysis of the events surrounding Alar will take shape around a critique of Michael Fumento's article "Environmental Hysteria: The Alar Scare," in which he paints the NRDC as "fanatics" launching a "smear campaign" not founded in any rational decision-making. This is an important argument to counter, because it has not only been taken up by many to condemn citizen-group action in the case of Alar, but to criticize their activities in many other regulatory processes. The chief framework used to devalue public action in these cases is the technocratic model, wherein it is believed that decisions can be best made by obj ective, rational experts acting based upon scientific knowledge. In this case, we can see a perfect example of when a decision was decided by scientific experts, in accordance with the technocratic model. Fumento and other supporters of the technocratic mode privilege the scientific knowledge of bodies such as the Scientific Advisory Panel in this case over other forms of knowledge. He denounces NRDC as fanatics based on his claim that they acted in spite of, and in contradiction to scientific declarations and reports which indicated that their "Alar alarm" did not correspond to the evidence at hand (423). However, the Alar saga is typical of many regulatory decision-making processes in that the scientists and administrators were forced to act before scientific opinion has solidified around a certain determination of the dangers of the chemical. In this case, the scientists cannot simply rely on the accepted scientific verdict, but they need to make value judgements about what evidence and opinion to include in their decision-making and what to ex clude. In this type of scenario, I will first argue, the technocratic model is imperfect for our democratic country, as it privileges the value judgements of scientists over those of the populace. I further suggest that scientists themselves should not be considered above subjectivity nor fanaticism, but rather in some cases their rigorous abidance to objectivity can be seen as a certain type of blind"fanaticism.

5 Ways of St. Thomas

First Way:Â  The Argument From Motion St. Thomas Aquinas, studying the works of the Greek philsopher Aristotle, concluded from common observation that an object that is in motion (e. g. the planets, a rolling stone) is put in motion by some other object or force. From this, Aquinas believes that ultimately there must have been an UNMOVED MOVER (GOD) who first put things in motion. Follow the agrument this way: 1) Nothing can move itself. 2) If every object in motion had a mover, then the first object in motion needed a mover. 3) This first mover is the Unmoved Mover, called God. Second Way:Â  Causation Of ExistenceThis Way deals with the issue of existence. Aquinas concluded that common sense observation tells us that no object creates itself. In other words, some previous object had to create it. Aquinas believed that ultimately there must have been an UNCAUSED FIRST CAUSE (GOD) who began the chain of existence for all things. Follow the agrument this way: 1) There exists things t hat are caused (created) by other things. 2) Nothing can be the cause of itself (nothing can create itself. ) 3) There can not be an endless string of objects causing other objects to exist. 4) Therefore, ther must be an uncaused first cause called God.Third Way:Â  Contingent and Neccessary Objects This Way defines two types of objects in the universe: contingent beings and necessary beings. A contingent being is an object that can not exist without a necessary being causing its existence. Aquinas believed that the existence of contingent beings would ultimately neccesitate a being which must exist for all of the contingent beings to exist. This being, called a necessary being, is what we call God. Follow the argument this way: 1) Contingent beings are caused. 2) Not every being can be contingent. 3) There must exist a being which is necessary to cause contingent beings. ) This necessary being is God. Fourth Way:Â  The Agrument From Degrees And Perfection St. Thomas formulated thi s Way from a very interesting observation about the qualities of things. For example one may say that of two marble scultures one is more beautiful than the other. So for these two objects, one has a greater degree of beauty than the next. This is referred to as degrees or gradation of a quality. From this fact Aquinas concluded that for any given quality (e. g. goodness, beauty, knowledge) there must be an perfect standard by which all such qualities are measured. These perfections are contained in God.Fifth Way:Â  The Agrument From Intelligent Design The final Way that St. Thomas Aquinas speaks of has to do with the observable universe and the order of nature. Aquinas states that common sense tells us that the universe works in such a way, that one can conclude that is was designed by an intelligent designer, God. In other words, all physical laws and the order of nature and life were designed and ordered by God, the intellgent designer. A more complete explanation of St. Thomas' Fifth Way about God as Intelligent Designer can be seen on my web page dedicated to Paley's Teleological Argument.

Internet Has Done More Harm Than Good in the Society.

Yes. It had allowed a large amount of criminal,offensive and Discriminatory information to be easily accessed This sort of information would not usually be widely published via offline channels, but with the advent of the Internet it is very easily accessible by anyone like never before, and this is a dangerous president. This is dangerous as vulnerable people could easily be taken in and exploited if the discovered this material. It is quite often found that ‘lone-wolf’ terrorists, for example, have gotten their information and inspiration from the Internet.The Internet has caused more problems than it has done good, because it has made people lazy, among other reasons. The Internet has made people lazy. They can pay their bills online and shop online, so they do not have to leave their homes. It has created problems through social networking sites, because people are spending all their time on them, instead of time with their family and friends. Also, these social netw orking sites have created problems for kids, because it gives people another avenue for bullying and harassing.The Internet can be useful for information, but it has led to a whole new kind of criminal I believe the Internet is useful, but the very negative effects it has had on society far outweigh the usefulness. It now allows all kinds of criminals, from pedophiles to terrorists, the ability to accomplish their crimes easier and more efficiently. With the Internet, any pedophile can lure a child far easier and far quicker than in a real life situation. Violent criminals can stalk any prospective victims. The worst impact the Internet has had is it allows terrorist groups to be much more organized.The information super-highway can do so much good, but until society figures out how to regulate it better, the negatives outweigh the positives. The internet has not brought real knowledge, per say I am beginning to see that the internet is neither good nor bad in itself but those who c reate videos and web pages are not required to be responsible in an academic sense. Often, statements can be made up and believed by many as real. But, are not really the case. Some research estimates that adults in the US spend about 13 hours and teens about 31 hours online each week. Yea, I don't think this is good.I don't think 13 hours is bad, but 31?!?! That is too much time spent socializing online which takes away from socializing in person, family time, homework, etc. My friend is in law enforcement and she just had a seminar taught by a psychologist who was talking about the generations of people who are growing up with the internet and how more and more of them are lacking in major social skills because they are so used to communicating via the internet and not person-to-person. This lack of social skills can include lack of empathy, manners, etc On the flip side this has been a big problem.Sometimes we are overly informed. Why go to a real doctor when you have WebMD (not serious here but I know people who use that website as their doctor). Additionally, the sources on the internet are not always the most reliable. Anyone can put information out there that is misleading, uneducated and biased/hate filled. I also think that it is leading to lack of social skills especially since you can now go online to find a date. No human interaction needed before hand, the computer will find your perfect mate. -it's dangerous: cyber stalking, etc. it's bad for us: people spend hours staring at the screen instead of outside. The result is eye strain, headaches, obesity†¦ -spelling, grammar, etc. is ignored on the Internet and proper English is dying out. Science and technology have done more harm than good. There is no doubt that science and technology affected our lives. There are a lot of scientists who are working on different science and modern technology projects these days. However, with the new science and technology developments most people underestima te the damage it gives us.First of all, I would like to say, that with these new science and technical appliances people became to be lazy. They rarely go out to work on foot or by a bicycle. Now there are a lot of modern cars in the cities, which are said to be emitting less gas. But still their emitted gasses damage the environment, so to my mind, that is why pollution of our environment is increasing. Secondly, it seems to me, that technologies are throwing away our free time. For example, these new laptop computer or those touch-screen devices are full of entertaining programs, which are attracting people effectively.Then people forget how to communicate with others in real life, not through international communication systems like â€Å"Skype† or â€Å"Facebook†. On the other hand, my opinion is that science and technology has far increased by the past few decades. New medical treatment, new computer technologies and other useful technical appliances are helping p eople to solve variety of problems more easily than it used to be. Overall, these new science and technology inventions harm not only our environment, but even us. So in my view, we should start thinking what technologies we use.